TGD youth assigned female at birth also reported higher rates of problem gambling than both cisgender youth assigned male and female at birth. In comparisons by birth-assigned sex, TGD youth assigned male at birth were particularly at risk for gambling involvement and problem gambling. TGD youth reported greater involvement in most gambling behaviors and problem gambling compared to cisgender youth. Chi-square tests and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used for all comparisons. The analytic sample consisted of 80,929 students (including, n = 2,168 TGD) in 9th and 11th grades. The current study used population-based data from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey to compare the prevalence of gambling behaviors and problem gambling among TGD versus cisgender adolescents, in addition to examining differences by birth-assigned sex. Most gambling research utilizes general youth samples and focuses on binary gender categories few studies examine and compare gambling behaviors between transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth and their cisgender peers.
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